Hi,
I have often felt the same need as you, in the year I have worked on the restoration of my car.
Unfortunately I don't think such a reference is available
(In some of the posts the poster has mentioned the relevant wrench size to use for a particular fastener, and this is helpful.)
In general I feel fasteners are considered to be consumables, and at the assembly point the correct fastener was always available, and the "assembler" knew which one was correct.
Your picture shows machine thread screws, which I think are less of a problem to identify than the steel plate screws. - They either fit or they don't, - they are either the correct length or not...
The best advise I can offer is to sort your fasteners according to type and size, and pick the right one as you go along.
The steel sheet fasteners are more difficult to determine, as it's difficult to be certain which length they should be.
But for these I have bought a supply of the types and size used on the car, and it's usually no big deal if I use a long one.