As others have said, this is the air supply hose for the air screw. It is in different places depending on your engine vintage.
This screw meters a precise amount of air to the engine at idle. This air screw is adjusted along with the thumb screw on the back of the injection pump to achieve the correct air/fuel mixture.
The reason the hose comes from to the air cleaner is so that it is clean, filtered air. Wouldn't want dirty air in the engine. The WRD valve on the injection pump also has a small filter on it as well. But I digress....