Milage of course depends a lot on how it's being driven. I too have a 280SE factory rebuilt engine, with about 4K miles on it. It has been getting 18-19 MPG driving up to ~60MPH around town, but that dropped to 15-16 MPG on a recent 500 mile jaunt at mostly 80MPH++ one day when I really was driving hard. The only time I had milage around 10MPG was early on when I was messing around with FIP adjustments and idling it a lot. Like they say, "Your milage may vary", but it does sound like your 280SE block is rich. As suggested, confirm with the plugs.
This site has all kinds of help on many things that can make it run rich but I'd recommend first going back through the linkage and tune up tours and check all the easy stuff first. My linkage was badly misadjusted after the SE block went in some 30yrs ago. I also found the timing was way off and vacuum was leaking several places. Then when I eliminated everything else I figured out the distributor was just a mess. I spent a day or two messing with the points and then I punted and bought a 123 ignition and that was a great decision. It just works. Good luck.